econ-skm-score
Copyright 2026 Flemming.AI

This product includes software developed by Dr. Stefan Flemming
and contributors (https://flemming.ai/).

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Third-party acknowledgments

JSON (de)serialization uses `serde` + `serde_json`
(https://github.com/serde-rs), Apache-2.0 / MIT licensed.

Module SDK glue is provided by `chain-module-sdk`
(https://git.flemming.ai/fai/chain-module-sdk-rust), Apache-2.0.

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Methodological lineage

Standardkostenmodell (SKM), formula P × F × T × h, is the
methodology of the Nationaler Normenkontrollrat (Federal
Government of Germany) for measuring Bürokratiekosten /
Erfüllungsaufwand. Origin: the Dutch ATR (Adviescollege
toetsing regeldruk, formerly Actal), late 1990s. Adopted by
the EU (Better Regulation Toolbox), the UK Regulatory Policy
Committee, and the OECD iREG indicator set.

References:
  Normenkontrollrat (Hrsg.), Leitfaden zur Ermittlung und
    Darstellung des Erfüllungsaufwands. Berlin, current edition.
  European Commission, Better Regulation Toolbox 2023.
  OECD, Regulatory Policy Outlook, several editions.

The Regel-der-niedrigsten-Stufe (any T4 ingredient drags the
aggregate report to T4) is an original methodological choice
of Studie §6.7 — it prevents methodologically weak inputs from
masquerading as confidence.